The volcanic event began in March of 2010 but activity only died down later in May. Report to ICAO-June 2012. It may also relate to the incessant news broadcasts that some believed exaggerated the level of impacts in the region (Bird et al., 2011, Bird et al., 2018). Despite this, the results presented here show not all residents evacuated in 2010 (~47% of our respondents). The town was inundated completely, and no attempt has been made to restore or rebuild it ("Nevado del Ruiz Volcano," 2010). Stakeholders in the air traffic. Health effects inlcude respiratory problems, eye problems, and skin irritiation. The different coloured blue areas denote the four districts. Int J Manag Decis Mak 10:164175, Bird DK, Gsladttir G, Dominey-Howes D (2009b) Resident perception of volcanic hazards and evacuation procedures. comm. The semi-structured interviews were audio recorded and transcribed by us. Furthermore, it highlights the importance of capturing narratives of actions and activities to enhance our understanding of the process of decision-making and the situational factors that add to its complexity. They can cause rain, thunder and lightning. Short Term. These eruptions, however, did not occur without warning. further research into the effect on the ash on aircraft . With the rapidly increasing number of tourists in the region, the police/DCPEM may need to consider further non-compliance, particularly among tour operators and tourist accommodation managers/staff due to their duty of care to their patrons. Accessed 14 Apr 2018, Stjrnarr slands (2014b) Regluger. Palgrave Commun 4, 151 (2018). It was very good (O). Ann Glaciol 45:6672, Gudmundsson MT, Thordarson T, Hskuldsson , Larsen G, Bjrnsson H, Prata FJ, Oddsson B, Magnsson E, Hgnadttir T, Petersen GN, Hayward CL, Stevenson JA, Jnsdttir I (2012) Ash generation and distribution from the April-May 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajkull, Iceland. Accessed 8 Dec 2017, Stjrnarr slands (2014a) Innanrkisrherra setur njar reglugerir um 9 sslumannsumdmi og 9 lgregluumdmi. These include individual-level indicators and event-orientated variables (Dash and Gladwin, 2007) such as their perception of the ensuing event, the perceived safety of their home relative to the threat, timing of evacuation (e.g., are the roads already congested with traffic, are all household members accounted for) and past experiences (Drabek, 1986, Gladwin et al., 2001, Mileti and Peek, 2000, Paton et al., 2001, Sorensen and Sorensen, 2007, Tierney et al., 2001). A burst of scientific articles has been published, including in special journal issues (Hasager et al, 2010; Langmann et al., 2012). Nearly all flights in Europe and across the Atlantic Ocean were suspended for almost a week, as ash from the eruption of the volcano threatened flight safety. A few months following the eruptions, we conducted a survey to investigate how impacted residents responded to and coped with the events. Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull Volcano burst into life for the first time in 190 years on March 20, 2010. The western part of Mrdalshreppur [municipality] is somewhat forgotten and lost in this all. Considering future response in this region is important given Katla is renowned as one of Iceland's most dangerous volcanoes due to its potential to produce catastrophic jkulhlaup (>100,000. Google Scholar, Bird DK, Gsladttir G, Dominey-Howes D (2009a) Public perception of jkulhlaup hazard and risk in Iceland: implications for community education. The decision to omit Skgar was based on the fact that it is located further from the eruption site than other communities in Austur- Eyjafjll and it is not situated in a jkulhlaup hazard zone for an Eyjafjallajkull or Katla eruption. Tourism became a large contributor to the economy after the 2010 eruption of the Eyjafjallajkull volcano. Before the financial crash in 2008, Iceland had become too expensive for many visitorsevidenced by a somewhat steady decline in employment numbers within the tourism industry outside the capital region from 2000 (Fig. Despite these issues, the majority of respondents believed both evacuations were necessary. In relation to the amalgamation and the timing of the 2006 evacuation exercise, one of the rescue team members from the 2010 interviews stated: The time for the evacuation exercises in 2006 was not logical because it had been decided that the police districts would be joined here in the south. It is a small community. You should also know and understand the immediate and long term responses and how volcanic eruptions are monitored. While we are not able to show statistically significant differences between the datasets due to the small size and slightly different nature of the 2008 dataset (e.g., it does not include respondents from Vestur-Eyjafjll and Austur-Eyjafjll), we can present some interesting observations. Furthermore, South Icelands Hekla, Katla, Grmsvtn and Brarbunga volcanoes (Fig. Follow-up interviews were conducted in 2016 with the Chief of Police, the Chief Superintendent, the head of Rangring eystra and two local residents who operated both farming and tourism businesses. Key criteria. This range is a reflection of youths and adults being registered to that household while residing in a different location to attend school or university. (7 marks) Residents are aware that until the site of the eruption is confirmed, and hence the path of a potential jkulhlaup, all low-lying regions close to flood channels are considered to be hazard zones. 0.0 / 5. Long term responses of the Iceland eruption The EU now has an integrated structure for air traffic management. Based on questionnaire survey results, interviews with key stakeholders and data derived from Statistics Iceland, this paper considers how residents might respond to a future eruption by examining their experience of the 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruptions against the changing demographic, economic and political landscape. In April 2010, Eyjafjallajkull, a volcano in southern Iceland, began spewing several kilometres of volcanic ash into the atmosphere.The cloud of ash forced the greatest airspace closure since World War II, cancelling nearly 100,000 flights and disrupting the travel plans of tourists and business travelers alike throughout northern Europe. Hence, respondents know the person as a neighbour or as a rescue team member rather than a sweeper. This person believed that the evacuation was necessary and that people should evacuate. Correspondence to The family took the situation as it was, slightly worried about the continuation; not knowing what to expect was the worst. Accessed 14 Apr 2018, Strahan K, Whittaker J, Handmer J (2018) Self-evacuation archetypes in Australian bushfire. Residents attributed this success to the desire to conform to authorities that are known to them on a more personal basis. For example, peoples decision to comply with evacuation orders may be influenced by their ability to perform the required action, the availability of information about the threat, trust in the source of that information and feelings of responsibility to undertake the prescribed action (Bird et al., 2009b, Bird et al., 2011, Drabek, 1999, Haynes et al., 2008, Mileti et al., 2004, Strahan et al., 2018). It does not mean, however, that all relationships are amicable. On average, Mauna Loa, located on the island of Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean, erupts every three and a half years with fountains and streams of incandescent lava. And of course [Eyjafjallajkull] they want to say theyve been here. The lava flow from the Nyiragongo volcano flowed to the northeast of the city of Goma in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Clearing ash off the roads and streets; . In addition to these systems, recent unrest in rfajkull has called for the development of further emergency response plans in South Iceland (Almannavarnadeild Rkislgreglustjrinn, 2017, Hskuldsson, 2015). J Behav Med 10:481500, Wisner B, Blaikie P, Cannon T, Davis I (2004) At risk: natural hazards, peoples vulnerability, and disasters. On the evening of 22nd May 2021, Africa's most active volcano and one of the most dangerous in the world erupted. Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavk, Iceland, Nordvulk, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavk, Iceland, You can also search for this author in This is because the sweepers, who are residents of the immediate neighbourhood, are only active during a volcanic eruption. Officials had, however, explained the need for a broad evacuation order even for areas that are safe from jkulhlaup hazards. Because of this, officials have faith that residents will comply with evacuation orders when given, as they did during the 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. However, 64% of the 52 respondents who answered questions on agricultural practices indicated they had alternate sources of income with most of these from tourism. Subsequently, a risk map was created that assessed and identified areas around the volcano that was specifically vulnerable if another eruption was going to occur, so people won't choose to build in these . You have to know what is around you. The questionnaire was administered as a hardcopy. Sage, Thousand Oaks, Lindell MK, Perry RW (2012) The protective action decision model: theoretical modifications and additional evidence. If material is not included in the articles Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. Never in my whole life have I been in such darkness. There is no doubt that as the worlds population continues to grow and expand in hazardous environments, so too does our vulnerability to disaster. Eyjafjallajkull is a 500m long fissure volcano , that erupts basalt. This loss was most keenly felt in the male age group 017 years (loss of 0.72). Bull Volcanol 70:605621, Haynes K, Coates L, Oliveira FDD, Gissing A, Bird D, Honert RVD, Radford D, Darcy R, Smith C (2016) An analysis of human fatalities from floods in Australia 1900-2015. Eyjafjallajkull, Iceland - 2010 Impacts Eyjafjallajkull, Iceland - 2010 Type of Plate Boundary The volcano is situated on a constructive plate boundary between the North American and Eurasian plate . However, while it may enhance some aspects of vulnerability, it may also bring about new opportunities for developing new and exciting methods for generating a proactive public response to future evacuation orders among new and old residents. 7 Iceland's Financial Crisis and Its Causes In October 2008, Iceland nationalized its three largest banks. Eyjafjallajkull Volcano, Iceland 2010. There is no doubt that many tourists want to see an eruption, as was the case with Hawaiis Kilauea eruption in 2018 (Walker, 2018), and may try to persuade their guides to deliver. I therefore did not evacuate, as I felt safer at home (V-E). Cite this article. The reasons for not evacuating were due to caring for others or thinking the warnings were not applicable. The last composite volcano eruption occurred on March 20, 2010. At the same time, the number of people involved in farming activities outside the capital region declined, with 2016 portraying the lowest employment rates in the industry since 1991. Ascending the volcano. They are just visiting the country; they think its a plus if they can find some volcanoes and maybe have their picture of it. In the wake of the 2010 eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull volcano, scientists are developing infrared technology to help pilots see and steer around ash clouds 4:05 Published: 7 Dec 2011 This paper draws on these learnings to consider future response to an evacuation order with respect to a regions recent experience of responding to evacuation orders. The regional Chief of Police and the Department of Civil Protection and Emergency Management (DCPEM) held meetings with scientists, local police and rescue teams in response to increased seismicity in and around Eyjafjallajkull in early 2010. Due to the small population size, a census style sampling method was undertaken. Match. Fast-moving lava can kill people and falling ash can make it hard for them to breathe. However, they have grave concerns for the safety of the ever-increasing number of tourists visiting the South region. Demographic changes most notably include greater international migration to the South, as well as from the capital region. Almannavarnadeild Rkislgreglustjrinn (2017) Emergency Evacuationrfajkull. The eruption was relatively small but its impact was massive. All respondents were impacted by ash fall, just over a quarter (26%) were impacted by lahars and 20% were impacted by jkulhlaup. With a changing population, exponential growth in tourism and a volcanic eruption on average every 34 years, disaster risk research is of critical importance. Cogn Psychol 4:207232, Walker P (2018) Kilauea volcano eruption. https://www.stjornarradid.is/media/innanrikisraduneyti-media/media/frettir-2014/logreglan.pdf. Map produced by rds Hgnadttir. These targeted, face-to-face meetings also provided the opportunity to explore regional economic, demographic and political changes. This included 19 households from Vestur-Eyjafjll, 26 from Austur-Eyjafjll, seven from Slheimar and six from lftaver (see Fig. We have a similar amount of policemen as we had in 2004 (O). Exact figures on how many people evacuated during both phases are also not available. Climate change is the result of natural and human factors, and has a range of effects: Evidence for climate change from the beginning of the Quaternary period to the present day. An immediate evacuation was considered critical, given the assessment showed that inhabited areas may be flooded by a jkulhlaup within an hour of an eruption commencing in Eyjafjallajkull (Sigursson et al., 2011). The animals aren't as effected because the lava flow is slow enough everyone should be able to get away in time. . Exact figures on how many people were supposed to evacuate during both phases of the eruption are not available. In some instances, the sweepers provide the only link between emergency management officials and the community (Bird et al., 2009b), further bolstering the work of the rescue teams at the local level. While the sample size may seem small, it is a reflection of this sparsely populated rural area (as evidenced by the number of inhabitants given in Fig. Internet Explorer). Yeah! [stated in a very blas tone] (A-E). Within these communities, people are bound together by common beliefs, values and activities. The police overcame this issue during the 2010 evacuations by allowing farmers to re-enter the hazard zones to tend their livestock. 1). This lack of detail can be attributed to people sheltering in unofficial places (either by choice or official instruction to do so) and as reported by a few respondents, registration was not well organised in some instances. E-15 volcano (short&long term responses) Flashcards. 08 July 2021. Long Term. This district is now about 31,000km2. Respondents comments to corresponding open questions and during the interviews highlighted the importance of secondary sources of information as a means for residents to confirm the first source of news to evacuate. As volcanic ash fallout is predicted to reach ground level following the eruption of the Eyjafjallajkull volcano in Iceland, scientists from the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology have responded rapidly to increase sampling rates of air quality, soils and vegetation at its long-term monitoring sites across the UK. This area also lies within the western jkulhlaup hazard zone for a Katla eruption. Tourists arrested for entering restricted zones to take photos, Hawaii. Data were collected at 2 time points: in 2010 and 2013. The eruption has prompted further research into air craft design. Spectacular drone footage of long dormant Iceland volcano erupting | ITV News Subscribe to ITV News on YouTube: http://bit.ly/2lOHmNj Get breaking news an. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 9:251266, Bird DK, Gsladttir G, Dominey-Howes D (2011) Different communities, different perspectives: Issues affecting residents response to a volcanic eruption in southern Iceland. At the same time, however, respondents still viewed a similar level of risk to the community as a whole in terms of adverse impacts. So called 'low' ash concentrations were deemed to be defined as <2-4 mg/m3. That is, these communities look to each other for guidance and support during times of crisis. Our results here showing an increase in perceived preparedness and decrease in perception of risk associated with damage to property and home may stem from the relatively low impacts of the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions and the fact that residents believed they coped moderately well, in general. Despite this, some appreciated the eruption for its sheer beauty and force. It can be annoying. There is a glacier above the volcano. And despite the clarity of the prescribed action to evacuate, some residents received conflicting information regarding the location of their designated centre. For the first couple of weeks, lava oozed from a fissure on its ice-free flank, and . Population numbers in Mrdalshreppur, Skaftrhreppur and Rangring eystrathe municipalities impacted by the Eyjafjallajkull eruptionhave been fairly consistent, with a total number of 2772, 2710 and 2769 recorded in 2000, 2008 and 2016, respectively. Iceland: volcanic eruption prompts European Red Cross response Format News and Press Release Source. Edward Elgar, UK, Bird DK, Gisladottir G, Dominey-Howes D (2010) Volcanic risk and tourism in southern Iceland: Implications for hazard, risk and emergency response education and training. I dont think that anyone around here was afraid. I was born here. The kids they can learn everything. Part of the Advances in Volcanology book series (VOLCAN) Abstract Eyjafjallajkull became Iceland's most infamous volcano in 2010 when the ash cloud from its summit eruption caused unprecedented disruption to the international aviation industry and considerable challenges to local farming communities and villages. Out of 61 households approached to take part in the survey, 58 completed the questionnaire (one respondent per household) giving a response rate of 95%. lftaver lies within the eastern jkulhlaup hazard zone for a Katla eruption and was the first community to be blanketed by ash fall during the Eyjafjallajkull summit eruption. The results section is presented under the three subsections: 2010 Eyjafjallajkull survey, 2016 interviews and the changing demographics of South Iceland. Eyjafjallajkull began erupting on 20 March 2010. Solid red vertical line indicates timing of Icelands financial crash in 2008. They called me and said a farmer reported a fire in the glacier, I didnt quite believe it Veurstofa [the Icelandic Meteorological Office] didnt see anything. In 2021, Iceland experienced a magnificent eruption on the Reykjanes peninsula, the land that connects Reykjavik with Keflavik International Airport.In the weeks before its explosion, tens and thousands of earthquakes shook the capital and surrounding areas - normally a surefire forecast of imminent volcanic activities. Communities impacted by jkulhlaup (flood) inundation and ash fall exceeding 1cm (from Bird et al., 2018). These figures are approximate based on some respondents noting a range in the number of people living at that address in the questionnaire. However, they chose to stay at home because they were caring for elderly parents who were unwell. People talked about the possibility of Eyjafjallajkull [erupting], and we were light-hearted about it you know, saying wow, it can erupt. Describe the hazards faced by people who live close to a named volcano. -Web cameras provided information and allowed the general population easy access to monitor the progress of the eruption. Multiple community meetings were also held with residents living in the expected hazard zone. These impacts, however, were felt right across the region to lftaver. Its all going very well in a way but its a huge change because the tourists have multiplied - there are a lot more tourists here than there used to be three years ago. In: Rodrguez H, Quarantelli EL, Dynes RR (eds) Handbook of disaster research. Its use post-surveying here was a result of unavailability of the software to our research team pre-surveying. While 2010 respondents believed it is more likely a Katla eruption will occur in the next 10 years, they perceived less damage would occur particularly in relation to their property (Fig. The first alarm about the eruption in Fimmvruhls did not come to our phones. Accessed 15 Oct 2018, Danielsson J (2009) The first casualty of the crisis: Iceland. Iceland. For example, many noted that Heimaland was a poor choice as they believe it is vulnerable to jkulhlaup emanating from Eyjafjallajkull because it is so low in the landscape and it is built in the old river bed of Markarfljt (V-E). During these events they were impacted by jkulhlaup, ash fall, lightning, loud sound blasts and lahars. In 2010, Iceland became the center of attention the world over. They can reduce sunlight by blocking out the sun and even cause problems for air travel like the recent Iceland volcano. But it didnt worry us at all. We would be much, much more afraid if somebody told us about the possibility of a huge earthquake in the ocean with the coast with a wave [tsunami]. Deanne K. Bird. Possible causes of climate change: natural factors - orbital changes, volcanic activity and solar output. Residents trust in these officials has also evolved from officials listening to and developing strategies to meet the needs of the community. Given the South attracts the highest number of visitors outside the capital region (Bird et al., 2016), it is safe to assume that the changes in livelihood are a reflection of changes in the South. There is an old Icelandic saying: You couldnt see/distinguish your hands. I now understand this. The twin craters Magni and Mi created in the Fimmvruhls 2010 eruption. Scientists had already said many times that Eyjafjallajkull was a lazy crater with rather slow, small eruptions, not much coming out of the crater. I would be anxious. It is therefore not surprising that half the respondents reported hearing about the eruption via a family member, friend or neighbour. Europe experienced air travel chaos for almost one month as much of the continent ground to a standstill. Officials were also very pleased with public response to the evacuation orders. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Paton D, Johnston DM, Bebbington MS, Lai C-D, Houghton BF (2001) Direct and vicarious experience of volcanic hazards: implications for risk perception and adjustment adoption. As the communities diversify, so too will peoples beliefs, values and activities. The volcanoes and districts of Icelands South region. Int J Mass Emerg Disasters 19:117143, Gumundsson MT, Gylfason G (2005) Httumat vegna eldgosa og hlaupa fr vestanverum Mrdalsjkli og Eyjafjallajkli. . During these events this area was impacted by jkulhlaup, ash fall, lightning, loud sound blasts and rock fall. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Accessed 9 April 2018, Bird D, Gsladttir G (2012) Residents attitudes and behaviour before and after the 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruptionsa case study from southern Iceland. 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