Statistical View of the United States, Compendium of the Seventh Census. Economics of Cotton. "What Were the Top 4 Causes of the Civil War?" For example, enslaved people rarely had an opportunity to create images; what they did create (such as textiles, baskets, carvings, dolls, and pottery) was less likely to be preserved than the works of free artists. John Brown and his family fought on the anti-slavery side of "Bleeding Kansas." South Carolina had threatened this before in the 1830s during the presidency of Andrew Jackson, over a tariff that benefited Northern manufacturers but increased the cost of goods in the South. But whether he fully comprehended the great truth upon which that rock stood and stands, may be doubted. They believed that Lincoln was anti-slavery and in favor of Northern interests. For nearly a century, the people and politicians of the Northern and Southern states had been clashing over the issues that finally led to war: economic interests, cultural values, the power of the federal government to control the states, and, most importantly, slavery in American society. . Why did Abolitionists join the Whig Party even though they werent a strictly anti-slavery party? Experiences of the U.S. Civil War, an introduction. The Whig Party was formed in opposition of ____? 1857 The Dred Scott Decision of 1857 solidified the sharp division between those who were pro-slavery and those who were anti-slavery; the case had involved a former enslaved person, Dred Scott, suing his previous master for the right to his freedom. During the Mexican War, the debate began about what would happen with the new territories the U.S. expected to gain upon victory. 1619-1865 | The Peculiar Institution Slavery arrived in North America along side the Spanish and English colonists of the 17th and 18th centuries, with an estimated 645,000 Africans imported during the more than 250 years the institution was legal. What Were the Top 4 Causes of the Civil War? The last one, Tennessee, did not depart until June 8, nearly a week after the first land battle had been fought at Philippi in Western Virginia. ", In April 1861, the Confederate Army would fire on, When Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin in 1793, it became faster than ever to separate the cotton from seeds. Some causes were cultural, while some were political, others were economic. . African slavery as it exists amongst us . The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. "What Were the Top 4 Causes of the Civil War?" Jefferson in his forecast had anticipated this, as the "rock upon which the old Union would split." He was right. The South feared that abolishing slavery would destroy their economy if any Abolitionists were to reach power. He is the author of "The Everything American Presidents Book" and "Colonial Life: Government. The Civil War would begin in 1861 between the Union and the Confederacy and last until 1865. The essays in this section follow the thread of slavery in art as it was sewn through ideas about freedom, westward expansion, and the political landscape, from the founding of the nation to the start of the Civil War. What year were the Lincoln Douglas debates? Additional territories gained from the U.S.Mexican War of 18461848 heightened the slavery debate. A forced displacement of around 60,000 Native American peoples. Lincoln was an avowed opponent of the expansion of slavery but said he would not interfere with it where it existed. These images remind us of the importance of new technologies in disseminating images in the second half of the 19th century, but they also remind us that all images (even photographs) adopt a point of view and therefore must be approached critically. Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina and Tennessee, refusing to fight against other Southern states and feeling that Lincoln had exceeded his presidential authority, reversed themselves and voted in favor of session. They were dislodged by a force of U.S. Marines led by Army lieutenant colonel Robert E. Lee. Paintings, too, often addressed the issues of both prewar and wartime emotion using landscape as a metaphoras the art historian Eleanor Harvey put it, American audiences seemed eager to ascribe patriotic sentiments to the landscape as a means of channeling wartime emotions. [8] For example, Frederic Churchs 1860 painting, The Meteor of 1860, depicts a meteor streaking through the night sky and its reflection in water below. . Face to face with the Missouri Voters: George Caleb Bingham. Historians today widely agree that slavery was the single most important cause of the Civil War. of the users don't pass the Causes of the Civil War quiz! What cant we learn from the visual record? Since the end of the American Revolution, the U.S. remained divided into two groups; those who wanted the Federal Government to have more power and control and those who wished to the states to have more power and control. What else did the Republican Party do during this time period? What do works of art reveal about the deep divisions that led to the Civil War? Problems came to a head with a violent clash at Lawrence, Kansas. Historians today widely agree that slavery was the single most important cause of the Civil War. 1860 The election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 would be the event that pushed the Southern states to their breaking point; a Republican President threatened to destroy their economy and their way of life. One abolitionist in particular became famousor infamous, depending on the point of viewfor battles that caused the deaths of pro-slavery settlers in Kansas. An attempt was made to ensure that equal numbers of free states and pro-slavery states were admitted to the Union, but over time this proved difficult. What did the Emancipation Proclamation do? The issue with the attitude towards slavery 3. When we examine the visual record of the Civil War, it is best to immediately ask who an image was made for, who made it, what it aimed to achieve, how it was understood at the time it was made, and how its meaning has changed. Both sides used the fledgling science of photography to advance arguments for and against Black humanity and citizenship. States' Rights vs. the Federal Government also created a deep divide between the North and the South, some believed that the state should hold power over Federal Law, but many others disagreed. The abolitionists came with a variety of viewpoints. At the start of the Civil War, at least 4 million enslaved people were forced to live and work on the Southern plantations. From Lincoln's election in November to February of 1861, multiple Southern states would secede from the Union in what is known as "Secession Winter. ThoughtCo. They were against a Republican president. There are five main reasons for the outcome of Civil War in America; these causes were slavery, economy, Federal versus State rights, Abraham Lincoln becoming president and the Battle of Fort Sumter. which now required an immediate solution. Abolitionists fought to have slavery declared illegal in those territories, as the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 had done in the territory that became the states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin. Alexander M. Stephens and Brendan A. Stephens, Georgias paean to Confederacy at U.S. capitol must go,, https://smarthistory.org/seeing-america-2/civil-war-in-art/intro-causes-civil-war/. Others voted down secessiontemporarily. [5] This estimate of the Civil War dead derives from a census study comparing the male survival rates from 1860 to 1870. A.H. Stephens, Southern Confederacy (March 25, 1861). Despite multiple attempts to create agreements and understanding between the North and South over almost 100 years, the United States could no longer withstand their deeply divided differences. ), Whether they produced battlefield images of the dead or daguerreotype portraits of common soldiers, []. In the North, the influx of immigrantsmany from countries that had long since abolished slaverycontributed to a society in which people of different cultures and classes lived and worked together. These factors were very crucial in the bringing upon of the destruction of the Union. Like Thomas Jefferson and Thomas Paine (writers of the Declaration of Independence), the Causes of Secession stated why it was acceptable for the South to remove itself from the North as the United States did from the control of England. The Nigerian Civil War (6 July 1967 - 15 January 1970), also known as the Nigerian-Biafran War or the Biafran War, was a civil war fought between Nigeria and the Republic of Biafra, a secessionist state which had declared its independence from Nigeria in 1967. When the Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln won the 1860 presidential election, Southern fears that the Republicans would abolish slavery reached a new peak. t. e. Historians who debate the origins of the American Civil War focus on the reasons that seven Southern states (followed by four other states after the onset of the war) declared their secession from the United States (the Union) and united to form the Confederate States (known as the "Confederacy"), and the reasons that the North refused to . Many felt that the new Constitution ignored the rights of states to continue to act independently. Wars are large and complicated affairs. The economic differences between the south and the north were tremendous . Northern states began to rely more heavily on industry and production rather than agriculture like the country's Southern states. Browns raid thus became a step on the road to war between the sections. This image, and others like it became powerful symbolshere was photographic evidence of the Confederacys strength. government asserted that right by seizing federal property within its states' borders. Many of its followers joined with members of the American Party (Know-Nothings) and others who opposed slavery to form a new political entity in the 1850s, the Republican Party. The immediate causes of the civil war was the slaves escaping to the north to be free because the north banned slavery because they we're no plantations because the north was the city not the country. Winston Groom 7/7/2010 True Causes of the Civil War., viewed 1 . Legal. A number of events helped fuel the cause for abolition in the 1850s. 3 (#99152), Dr. Elena FitzPatrick Sifford on casta paintings. 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