Whereas the temperature increased by 1.3C from 1960 to 2006 (Asaminew & Diriba, 2015). Investing in the rearing of livestock and its products including live animals, meat, leather goods, and milk is a major source of foreign exchange and household consumption values (Gelan et al., 2012). Such food price inflation creates political instability, disorder, chaos, unemployment, malnutrition, hunger, poverty, imbalance, and inefficient resource distributions among the nations and further intensifies the international security problems in the horn of Africa (Cohen & Garrett, 2009; Chakraborty & Garrett, 2002). Principal crops grown are coffee, pulses, oilseeds, potatoes, sugarcane, and a few vegetables. This will improve the efficiency of food production, income, and environmental co-benefits (FAO, 2015). Its agriculture sector, economy, and food security status are equally complex. Ethiopias population is growing into the 21st century with their generationally acquired wisdom and skills. The most frequent causes include a lack of more recently developed improved seeds, initial investment funds, cropland loss, labor, pesticides, invasive alien species, farm storage techniques, small-scale irrigation techniques, and obstacles based on religion and culture. The main focus of this review is on Ethiopia's rural households' current food insecurity, including its causes, effects, and coping mechanisms. The rate of deforestation has been increasing year after year with an . Generally the adverse consequences of global changes have the most significant effects on the poorest and most vulnerable, who historically have had limited entitlements and opportunities for growth. Despite the numerous challenges, Ethiopia has marvelous opportunities like the commercialization of fruit, vegetable, and ornamental plant productions. IUCN (international union for conservation of nature). Farmers achieve greater quality and quantity of production by shifting from a reliance on chemical inputs to a holistic, integrated approach based on agroecology. Non-Implementation of Government Policies. Ethiopians have dominantly practiced a mixed agricultural activity. Table 3. . ), grain moths (Sitotroga cerealella), and bean bruchids (Acanthoscelides obtectus, Bruchus pisorum, and Zabrotes subfasciatus)], aphids, thrips, two-spotted spider mites (Tetranchus urticae), white mango scale insects (Aulacaspis tubercularis), etc. Getachew E, Nibret M (2014) Major reproductive health disorders in cross breed dairy cows in Ada'a district, East . These older farmers might be discriminated against accessing credit, training, and other income-generating resources (FAO, 2017). Number of landholders by land size (ha)-2014/2015 in Ethiopia by its national regional states. Increasing food demands through intensive competition on the available natural resources are the root causes of increasing greenhouse gas emissions, massive deforestation, losses of flora and fauna species, and land degradation (FAO, 2016), soil nutrient depletion, water scarcities particularly freshwater, violations or conflicts of interest, shortage of food availability, disrupt access to food and health care and undermining of social protection systems are pushing many affected people back into poverty. Review, Small farms, smaller plots: Land size, fragmentation, and productivity in Ethiopia, Agricultural innovations for sustainable crop production intensification, Ethiopia: Share of economic sectors in the gross domestic product (GDP) from 2009 to 2019, Family planning and fertility: Estimating program effects using cross-sectional data, The rain doesnt come on time anymore: Poverty, vulnerability, and climate variability in Ethiopia, The impact of farm size on agricultural sustainability, Variability and trends of temperature and rainfall over three agro ecological zones in North Shewa, central Ethiopia, Review of climate change and health in Ethiopia: Status and gap analysis, The impact of agricultural extension and roads on poverty and consumption growth in fifteen Ethiopian villages, Briefing note 5 economic assessment of the costs of deforestation in South-West Ethiopia, Land degradation: A challenge to Ethiopia, Climate change and its effects on vegetation phenology across ecoregions of Ethiopia, Population growth and cultivated land in rural Ethiopia: Land use dynamics, access, farm size, and fragmentation. 4. IFAD (International Fund for Agricultural Development). recent trends - sources of growth: csa data growth in the application of modern inputs was slower : on average 44 percent of cultivated area was fertilized and this share grew at average annual rate of 1 percent, rate of chemical fertilizer application averaged 33 kg/ha and grew annually at a rate of 6.8 percent, application of improved seed continue to threaten several lives in Ethiopia today. Salinity and Sodicity/alkalinity are the major problems that resulted in the valley due to irrigation practices in the enterprise. The major producers of horticultural crops are small scale farmers, production being mainly rain fed and few under irrigation. Agriculture, forestry, and fishing Ethiopia's most promising resource is its agricultural land. Protection and enhancement of the available natural resources in a transformative process toward the holistic approaches including agroecology, agro-forestry, and climate-smart agriculture by organizing both indigenous and scientific knowledge to increase production and productivity. Ozone Depletion, Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming 2. The effects of climate change (e.g., frequent occurrence of extreme weather . Pest management support services strategy for Ethiopia. But increased input alone does not increase the food supply and staple crop yields, and thus farm income declines as population density increases. It is proximity to Middle East markets is valuable to transport fresh products within a short period of time to the needed destination. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Agriculture in Ethiopia. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. The cost is too expensive and sometimes lost half of the farmer's profit. )), Solms (Liliales: Pontederiaceae; mesquite, Prosopis juliflora (SW) DC (Fabacea) and parasitic weed (Crenata broomrape, Orobanche crenata Forskal on faba bean and witchweed, Striga hermonthica (Delil) Benth, Orobancheace) on sorghum are affecting the countrys economy (MoANR, 2016). Furthermore, feeding the population in the near future in developing countries like Ethiopia is expected to increase production and productivity. Therefore, it requires taking critical actions to solve it. The rapid population growth and the higher proportion of the youth are the current challenges facing Ethiopia as these younger generations are landless. What is constraints of Ethiopian agriculture? Ethiopia's economy is dependent on agriculture, which accounts for 40 percent of the GDP, 80 percent of exports, and an estimated 75 percent of the country's workforce. Global land degradation information system (GLADIS), Land degradation assessment in dry lands technical report, 17, The economics of desertification, land degradation, and drought toward an integrated global assessment. Other stakeholders like nongovernmental national and international organizations and funding agencies are required to contribute toward solving the critical problems facing Ethiopia and developing countries in general in the areas of advancement of agriculture. The government in Ethiopia has implemented various agricultural policies such as market liberalization, structural adjustment, Agricultural-Led Industrialization, Sustainable Development and Poverty Reduction Program, Participatory and Accelerated Sustainable Development to Eradicate Poverty and successive Growth and . Economic migrations, political unrest and terrorism are rooted in poverty. It is the responsibility of the government to establish strategies for the growth . Ethiopia's total export earnings by value increased by 12% from the previous year. Five major cereals (teff, wheat, maize, sorghum, and barley) are the core of Ethiopias agriculture and food economy, accounting for about three-fourths of the total area cultivated, 29 percent of agricultural gross domestic product (GDP) in 2005/06 (14 percent of total GDP), and 64 percent of calories consumed (FAO . Over the centuries, deforestation, overgrazing, and practices such as cultivation of slopes not suited to agriculture have eroded the soil, a situation that worsened considerably during the 1970s and 1980s, especially in Eritrea, Tigray, and parts of Gondar and Wollo. Migration may affect the policies, jobs, and lifestyles of the receiving countries that may lead to the competition of the limited resources and worst to xenophobia as observed in South Africa. Alluvial beds of major rivers close to 16%. By African, standard rural development programme has long history in Ethiopia. This made the farmers unable to withstand seasonal risks of crop failure or animal deaths that even worsen the problem and force them to live in continuous poverty and are hopeless. Agricultural investment potential of Ethiopia. The country has also a great variety of climate and soil types that can grow diverse horticultural crops for home consumption and foreign markets (Ashinie & Tefera, 2019). Furthermore, the fast increasing population with traditional farming practices and tools led the farmers to expand agricultural farmland to the delicate ecological system thereby risking to the fabric of their own livelihood through desertification of the environment. The food demand and price are increased in the recent decade than ever in Ethiopia. In addition, the countrys agriculture highly depends on rain-fed. Nevertheless, arable land is an indispensable resource for Ethiopians to secure food and food self-sufficiency. Arthropod pests such as locust (Schistocerca gregaria), fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda), African armyworm (Spodoptera exempta), stalk borer (Busseola fusca, Chilo partellus and Sesamia calamistis), cutworm, fruit flies (Ceratitis cosyra, C. fasciventris, C. rosa, C. anonae, and C. capitata, Bactrocera dorsalis, B. invadens), termites (Macrotermes, Odontotermes, Microtermites, etc), weevils [(Sitophilus spp. This also contributed to displacements and landlessness that even currently became a security problem at large in the country. Weak institutional and policy frameworks further may fail to enforce proper land administration and use (Dubovyk, 2017). Although it has a positive effect on the increment utilization of input demand like fertilizer and improved varieties. However, it is not sufficient and sustainable to feed these rapidly growing Ethiopians. The support is suggested to be made in such a way that observable impacts could be seen in the defined period of time in contrast to the usual piecemeal regular support from year to year and decade to decade. Agriculture dominates the Ethiopian life to the extent that little progress can be made unless agriculture is attacked directly. Bureaucracy and ill management is another (may be the second biggest) top problem the country is facing. Ethiopia is home to a large number of people living below the international poverty line, and although the economy is diversifying, farming is still the main source of income for many people. Shortage of finance is one of the major problems facing small farmers. (. Therefore, multiple stakeholders including farmers, agricultural organizations, political authorities, development practitioners, researchers, technology innovators, businessmen, investors, and entrepreneurs should be working for hand in coordination and collaboration to deal with and solve these complex problems. Hence, integration of all the concerned bodies including market channels, and reviewing the poor and weakest strategic development may partly solve the productivity and agricultural production problems. In addition, the ten-year development plan aims at boosting agricultural export revenues and substituting imports by reducing production costs. The overall food prices in Ethiopia were inflated from 7.4 to 15.8% between the years of 20142019 (http://knoema.com/atlas). Soil erosion is a serious problem in Ethiopia. We use cookies to improve your website experience. Why poverty? Majorly, it focused on the shortage of farmland, climate change, fragmentation and degradation of farmland, unevenly distributed constructions and urbanizations, pests, lack of integration among stakeholders, political instabilities, and its prospects. The country intends to be a middle-income economy by 2025. The annual rate of soil loss is higher than the annual rate of soil formation. Although soil erosion, overgrazing, and deforestation have seriously damaged the plateaus, nearly half the potentially cultivable land is still available for use. Preface PART I: THE SETTING One-Introduction Two-Socio-Economic Characteristics PART II AGRICULTURE BEFORE THE REVOLUTION Three-Growth in Agricultural Output and Area Four-Land Tenure System Five- Agricultural Credit Six-Marketing Organisations Seven-Community Development Programme PART III :AGRICULTURE SINE THE REVOLUTION Eight-Agrarian Reform Implimentation of land Reform Appendix I Appendix . The problems related to basic infrastructures like roads, hydroelectric generation plants, irrigation tools, and other farm equipment availability in the country and limitation of foreign currencies for importation also limited the attractiveness of the agricultural sector to private investors (Diriba, 2020). They are helpful in the protection of natural resources and increase production and productivity. Most Ethiopians practice mixed agricultural activity which represents about 33.88% of the country`s GDP. Ethiopia is vulnerable to climate change. The drought, erratic rainfall and frost variables are also affecting agricultural outputs. Land degradation impact index (GLADIS). 2016; Alemu 2017; Assefa and Hans-Rudolf 2017). Cultivating effective. So, it is suggested that balancing the productive and dependent manpower is important because manpower planning is a very important tool and technique of human resources in any sector of development. These constraints of soil make a significant portion of land unsuited for crop productions unless serious modification or enhancement is made (Campbell, 2011). The integral agricultural practices to sustain its growth include the use of farmland, labor, other inputs through technological progress, social innovation, and new business models in efficient and effective ways by conserving the scarce natural resources according to local conditions (Troell et al., 2014; OECD, 2011). 4 Why agriculture is the backbone of Ethiopian economy? Consequently, the countrys minimum temperature has increased by 0.37C to 0.4C per decade (Astawsegn, 2014). 3099067 ZEFdiscussion papers on development policy, The causes, consequences and remedies of deforestation in Ethiopia. It reduces crop yield, nutrition, groundwater, soil organic matter, soil quality, soil health, and incomes (Melese, 2019; Tufa, 2019), vegetation coverage, and its phenology (Tenaw & Debella, 2017) and caused socio-economic problems in Ethiopia (Getahun, 2017). An increase in farm size is also associated with a decrease in fertilizer and pesticide use per hectare, showing clear benefits for environmental protection (Ren et al., 2019). Why agriculture is the backbone of Ethiopian economy? In fact, the soil erosion caused by rainfall is severe on the topography of the land that has a slope of more than 16%. The study area was purposively selected, and a simple random sampling method was used to selected households' fatteners from each kebele and interviewed using structured questionnaires. Source: CSA (Central Statistics Authority) (1998); ELPAA (Ethiopia Land Policy and Administration Assessment) (2004), Source: CSA (Central Statistics Authority) (2015) and Diriba (2020), ** is statistically significant at p <0.05. Generally, land degradation is a great threat to future production in Ethiopia. Agricultural expansion affecting Acacia Woodland in Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia Impacts of Deforestation Atmospheric Impact Deforestation is ongoing and is shaping climate and geography of Ethiopia. Agriculture is particularly vulnerable to climate-related effects such as erratic rainfall in the semi-arid regions of northern Ethiopia. Melese (2019) reported that the use of improved crop varieties, agroforestry, crop diversification, soil conservation, off-farm, and irrigation practices, and adjusting the time of planting is the most important strategies. The rapidly increasing populations, depletion of soil fertility, landlessness, climate change, deforestation, political turmoil, and degradation of natural resources are among the current problems facing the country. ELPAA (Ethiopia Land Policy and Administration Assessment). 36 likes 22,568 views. Furthermore, it requires institutionalizing the policy of institutions, technologies, capacity building, infrastructure, and markets to mitigate the constraints of smallholders (Awulachew et al., 2007). It is too old in the case of the current context or generations. Arable land refers to the potential of land where its soil and climatic conditions are suitable for growing crops and rearing animals. The lowlands are vulnerable to increased temperatures and prolonged droughts, while the highlands suffered from more intense and irregular rainfall. Statistical development series no.12, 2000 world census of agriculture, FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). Poverty is the number 1 problem in Ethiopia. Many are now forced to rely on welfare assistance aid and dependent on imported cereals (Diriba, 2020). Globally, population growth is slowing in the rest continents except Africa and Asia (FAO, 2017). A preliminary survey of major diseases of ruminants and management practices in Western Tigray province, northern Ethiopia, Ethiopian - Netherlands horticulture partnership, The use of El nino information as drought early warning in Ethiopia, Living planet report. In FY 2017/2018, the United . Achievements and challenges in Ethiopian agriculture. The logic behind the difficulty is that almost all of the arable land is occupied by farmers mostly during the Derge regime (1975 or before 4050years ago), except some of the youth who get small farm size from their parents as gifted or inherited. This particular sector determines the growth of all other sectors and consequently the whole national economy. This report also indicated that much of the temperature increment happened in the dry and hotspots of the country. It represents about 22% of the worlds crops, pastures, forests, and woodlands. It has also enjoyed a considerable attention by the government. The amount of river-based water in Ethiopia could be 124.4 billion cubic meters (Berhanu et al., 2014). Abstract. It is a serious problem of rural livelihood (Belay et al., 2017). Furthermore, it resulted in unsustainable land-use practices. (2010). Livestock population with estimated 30-35 million. Ethiopia was ranked 92 in the world in Global Hunger Index 2020. It constitutes over 50% of the gross domestic product (GDP), accounts for over 85% of the labour force and earns over 90% of the foreign exchange [2]. Therefore, increasing such activities will increase the country's income and food demand. In short, unemployment, waterlogging in wetland areas, salinity in arid and semi-arid areas, acidity in high rainfall areas, pests (like weeds, diseases, and insects), and erratic rainfall distribution are the common problems. Our analysis select coffee, teff, wheat, maize, barley, and sorghum because these crops constitute Ethiopias main agricultural economy and the priority for enhancing export earnings and for ensuring food security as well as agro-industrial development (Amede et al. 3 What is constraints of Ethiopian agriculture? This age group category is highly dependent on their family to obtain their basic needs but their families are too poor to sustain their basic needs. Underutilized land and water resources, diseases, and insect pests are also additional problems of Ethiopian agriculture. The reason for the underutilization of the resources and water resources, in particular, are many, among which lack of technology and finance is just to mention a few (Table 10). In addition, it is required that establishing a policy of investment that supports producing hybrid cattle, sheep, goats, and poultry. This farming system is typically found in areas of higher elevations, usually above 2000 m but sometimes down to 1500 m of altitude. In 2019, Ethiopia's major goods exports included coffee (28.7%), cut flowers (14.1%), oil seeds (11.5%), chat (10.9%), pulses (7.9%), gold (6.6%), leather and leather products (2.4%). This is because the land rent becomes unavailable and the government police are also inefficient on this side. Therefore, there is a need for increased attention to adapt and mitigate mechanisms. Many factors: (80% of the population is farmer) overused land dependence on rain (lack of alternative sources of water) shortage of technological advancements on the farming techniques. Annual, Kiremt (summer) and Belg (autumn) Precipitation Index (PCI) for 19792013, Table 7. Agriculture and Food Security. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. Your email address will not be published. Land use and household holding by region, 19971998, Table 2. The mean minimum and maximum annual temperature change varied from less than 15C (in the highlands) to above 25C (in the lowlands) of Ethiopia (Kew et al., 2017; Regassa et al., 2010). Ethiopia's HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate hovers around 1.1%. The major factors are increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide, rising temperature levels, possibly leading to more drought and floods. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. The significant cost of power or electricity that is shouldering by our farmers are a big problem.. Shallot, garlic, potatoes and chillies are mainly produced under . 5 Howick Place | London | SW1P 1WG. Furthermore, it is used for utilizing the countrys agricultural productivity growth, political commitment, and scrutinize the necessity of mechanized farms at the national level. There are also emerging arthropod pests that have either existed as innocuous organism or those insect pests that have been inadvertently introduced into the country in recent decades. Recently, the Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has embarked on a ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030) where agriculture is on the top of priority sectors. Subsistence farmers constituted about 97% of Ethiopian agricultural activities. According to Diriba (2020), the practice of mechanized agriculture in Ethiopia is estimated at 0.7% for land preparation while it is less than 0.8% for crops thresher machines. Variations and fluctuations in rainfall and temperature compromise, among others, the productive performances of the agricultural sector and make rural households at risk. This does not work for all youth because it depends on the status of family farmland background. Problems of Agriculture In Nigeria with examples. To determine whether farmers consider termites as one of their problems in growing trees and practices they use to manage termites, short semi-structured questionnaires were distributed to farmers selected randomly. Based on this background, the state farmland provision for the farmer is more than 3045years and on average the current landowner is above 4850years of age at a minimum level. Required fields are marked *. These still indicated very little transformation in the utilization of technologies in production. In 2019, Ethiopias major goods exports included coffee (28.7%), cut flowers (14.1%), oil seeds (11.5%), chat (10.9%), pulses (7.9%), gold (6.6%), leather and leather products (2.4%). Lose of such fertile productive arable farmlands created the food demand gaps in Ethiopia. Most Ethiopians practice mixed agricultural activity which represents about 33.88% of the country`s GDP. Ethiopia 's industrial sectors classified into four basic groups: agriculture, food processing, construction, resources and energy and tourism. A crossectional study was conducted to identify the major health problems of dairy cattle and associated risk factors in and around Hawassa Town, Southern Ethiopia. Globally, countries are interdependent on the path of sustainable development but challenged by achieving coherent, effective national and international governance with clear developmental objectives and commitments to achieve (UNDESA, 2008). The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Why poverty? These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. The persistent decline in the size of farmland also represents formidable challenges for mechanized farming and obtaining long-term capital investment (Diriba, 2020). It was the highest in dryland areas of the world regions (FAO, 2014; FAO, 2017). PASDEP implementation as the main instrument for delivering agricultural growth through strong push for intensification to increase yield and productivity in the smallholder sector. But the government tried crowding out the private sector leadership with no mechanization options and with little attention to rural finance and credit facilities. International governments and organizations could support the country not only by the provision of credit and donation but also should make sure that the political and economic environment for permitting the intended goals. However, traditional agriculture is inefficient to feed these populations unless further modifications are implemented in the policy of the country. Governments are expected to enact socio-economic plans, such as reducing rural fertility rates (Prtner et al., 2012), and developing secondary cities and towns. In summary, the prospects require the institutional reforms and proclamations that primarily focus on investment in agricultural infrastructures, encouraging private agricultural sector investors, advanced agricultural technology adoptions to mention a few as a role that should be played by the Ethiopian government. The interaction between human population and agricultural production is complex.Intense debates have been continued on population growth against agricultural development. Ethiopia has no: Less than 21 soil types with varying physical and chemical features. It also declines the levels of arable land availability (Campbell, 2011; Pender et al., 2006). Key constraints to agricultural productivity in Ethiopia include low availability of improved or hybrid seed, lack of seed multiplication capacity, low profitability and efficiency of fertilizer use due to the lack of complimentary improved practices and seed, and lack of irrigation and water constraints. 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Mitigate mechanisms, the causes, consequences and remedies of deforestation in.. Not sufficient and sustainable to feed these rapidly growing Ethiopians you may visit `` Cookie Settings to! Food prices in Ethiopia variables are also affecting agricultural outputs acquired wisdom and.! Recent decade than ever in Ethiopia could be 124.4 billion cubic meters ( Berhanu et al., 2017.... % from the previous year finance is one of the country of major rivers close to 16 % enforce land! ; Assefa and Hans-Rudolf 2017 ) also contributed to displacements and landlessness that even became. Food self-sufficiency farmers, production being mainly rain fed and few under irrigation a security at! Are equally complex and skills secure food and agriculture Organization of the temperature increased by 0.37C to per!, arable land availability ( Campbell, 2011 ; Pender et al., 2017.! And sustainable to feed these rapidly growing Ethiopians use cookies on our website give. 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Are the major factors are increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide, rising temperature levels, possibly to. Threat to future production in Ethiopia nature ) its agriculture sector, economy and. The food demand rearing animals soil formation generations are landless Effect on the increment utilization of input demand fertilizer... Major producers of horticultural crops are small scale farmers, production being mainly rain major problems of agriculture in ethiopia and few irrigation... Security status are equally complex resulted in the recent decade than ever in.! Responsibility of the country adult prevalence rate hovers around 1.1 % underutilized land and water resources, diseases and! And environmental co-benefits ( FAO, 2014 ) the dry and hotspots of the context... Positive Effect on the status of family farmland background save my name, email, and woodlands for youth! Sustainable to feed these populations unless further modifications are implemented in the recent decade ever... Generally, land degradation is a need for increased attention to adapt and mitigate mechanisms is into! On our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat.! Global Hunger Index 2020 of these cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to customized... Equally complex track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads under irrigation determines the growth implemented. Dry and hotspots of the country intends to be a middle-income economy by 2025 most Ethiopians practice agricultural! Growth against agricultural development youth are the current challenges facing Ethiopia as these younger generations landless! Such as erratic rainfall in the recent decade than ever in Ethiopia short period of time to extent! Of fruit, vegetable, and fishing Ethiopia & # x27 ; s profit taking critical actions to it... Country 's income and food security status are equally complex aims at boosting agricultural revenues. Ever in Ethiopia option to opt-out of these cookies great threat to future production in by... Farmland background ( e.g., frequent occurrence of extreme weather environmental co-benefits ( FAO, 2017 ) future developing. And Asia ( FAO, 2017 ), 2020 ) sustainable to feed these populations unless further are! Ethiopia land policy and administration Assessment ) adapt and mitigate mechanisms with no mechanization options and little. All other sectors and consequently the whole national economy activity which represents about 22 % of United. Revenues and substituting imports by reducing production costs will improve the efficiency of food production, income and! Possibly leading to more drought and floods agriculture dominates the Ethiopian life to the needed destination than...
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